Acidentes ambientais marinhos e a abordagem da poluição ambiental na Marinha Mercante: com ênfase em óleos e derivados

Abstract

Marine pollution is one characterized by the presence of solid waste and liquid pollutants in the waters of the seas and oceans, which are the result of human activity. Marine pollution occurs when the result of the spillage at sea of particles, chemical s, waste from agricultural, commercial, industrial or residential activity and even the spread of invasive organisms that bring negative effects or potentially harmful to the ecosystem. The main causes of marine pollution and pollutants are: The Oil, fuel and other chemicals that reach the waters of the oceans when leaks occur on ships or discarded purposely by those responsible for vessels; Accidents for oil or oil platforms that generate leakage to the marine waters. This phenomenon is known as Black Tide ; Waste materials (plastics, iron, glass and others) that are played by people who are on ships or thrown on the beach; Launch of industrial and domestic sewage, without proper treatment, the water. Much of the sewage arriving in the seas and oceans has it s origin rivers receiving these pollutants during their path; dredging mud discharge; Deposition of radioactive waste or accidental loss of nuclear submarine. Potentially toxic chemicals can join small particles easily eaten by plankton and small animals w hich feed by filtration. Thus, the toxins enter the food chain of the Martian oceans, reaching high levels of contamination. The particles may also undergo chemical and mathematical changes, changing the oxygen level and causing a serious state in anoxic e nvironment, particularly in estuaries. The ships represent a source of water pollution, the most obvious oil spills that can have devastating effects. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are toxic to marine life, and very difficult to clean. The consequences for the environment can be devastating among them there may be damage to marine ecosystems, especially ecological imbalance; Fish contamination and other marine animals that are consumed by people; Deaths of birds that feed on contaminated fish. In the cas e of oil spill, it is also commonly occurs the death of many birds that come into contact with oil; Waters of beaches become unfit for bathing; High mortality, depending on the pollution of marine species; Degradation of mangrove areas; Dead fish as a resu lt of marine pollution.