A influência da pandemia pela COVID-19 em pacientes com Transtorno do Espectro Autista

Abstract

Introduction: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is classified as a neurodevelopmental disorder that involves difficulties in social and communicative skills. ASD is characterized by qualitative deficits in social interaction and communication, repetitive and stereotyped behavior patterns, and a restricted repertoire of interests and activities. Usually, families of children and adolescents with ASD face challenges to minimize the potential suffering caused by the condition and its consequent relationship with society, in order to promote the development of their children. As one of the manifestations of autism spectrum disorder is resistance to change, routine modifications and interruption of activities imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic can be particularly challenging. Objective: To evaluate the influence of social isolation caused by the pandemic on patients with ASD, treated at a specialized service. Method: A cross-sectional, observational and descriptive study was carried out through the application of a 51-question form. A total of 45 guardians of children and adolescents with ASD participated in the study, followed up at the Policlínica Naval de São Pedro da Aldeia (PNSPA), from July to November 2021. Demographic, social, clinical and behavioral aspects of patients and family members were addressed. Results: Most patients are male (86.7%) with a mean age of 10.4 years, 57.8% of whom are ASD level 1. Behavioral changes were observed in 88.9% of patients, and these changes were considered as negative by 57% of those responsible. The main changes were mood swings (52,5%), agitation (47,5%), anxiety (47,5%) and acquisition of new skills (25%). Medication adjustments were required in 51.1% of patients that was using medications, most of them due to changes in behavior. There was no statistically significant difference when we evaluated behavioral changes by sex (p-value 0,471) ASD level (p-value 0,128), age (p-value 0,460), number of siblings (p-value 0,903), medication changes (p-value 0,280) and social isolation (p-value 0,553). It was observed that the maintenance of therapies and participation in school activities was a protective factor when we analyzed behavior changes (PR=0,86). Conclusions: The present study indicates that there was an impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on patients with ASD, due to the high percentage of occurrence of behavioral changes, especially those considered negative, regardless of whether the patients remained in social isolation or not. The critical analysis of the results allowed the rereading of care practices, decision-making by health professionals, enabling the provision of better guidance to those responsible. Therefore, the knowledge produced by this research, carried out during the COVID-19 pandemic, may contribute to the confrontation of epidemiological situations that may determine the social isolation of patients with ASD and their families.