As lições militares do Vietnã para os políticos e militares no pós-guerra

Abstract

This review analyzes the military lessons learned from the Vietnam War and their impact on the strategies, policies and practices of politicians and military personnel in the decades following the end of the conflict. The study uses a theoretical-methodological framework based on a qualitative approach, examining a wide range of sources, including historical documents, military reports, case studies and academic literature. The research focuses on four main areas: changes in military doctrines and combat strategies, the impact on national security policies and military intervention decisions, the relationship between the military, government and civil society, and the development of war-focused military training practices. asymmetric and counterinsurgency operations. The main results indicate that the Vietnam experience led to a significant reevaluation of military doctrines, with a greater emphasis on flexibility and adaptation to asymmetric conflicts. Counterinsurgency strategies have evolved to incorporate elements of psychological warfare and "hearts and minds" operations, highlighting the importance of gaining the support of the local population. The national security policy of the United States and other nations has also undergone changes, with greater caution in military interventions and an emphasis on international coalitions and global legitimacy. The relationship between the military and civil society has been profoundly affected, resulting in greater transparency and civilian oversight of military operations. Finally, military training practices were enhanced to include realistic simulations, urban combat training, and psychological preparedness, reflecting lessons learned about the importance of comprehensive and integrated preparedness. In conclusion, the lessons of Vietnam have profoundly shaped contemporary military strategies and policies, emphasizing the need for flexible, integrated, and sustainable approaches in modern conflicts. The historical and theoretical analysis presented in this review offers a comprehensive understanding of transformations in the military and national security policies, highlighting the continued relevance of lessons learned in Vietnam to today's global challenges.